Encyclopedia article
Abortion
Termination of a pregnancy by removal or expulsion of an embryo or fetus
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See every claimAbortion is the termination of a pregnancy by removal or expulsion of an embryo or fetus. The unqualified word usually refers to induced abortion 1. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that around 73 million induced abortions take place worldwide each year and that around 45% of abortions are unsafe 2. WHO describes abortion as very safe when carried out with a recommended method, appropriate to the pregnancy duration, by someone with the necessary skills 2. Abortion remains contested on moral, religious, ethical and legal grounds, and one source reports a global trend towards greater legal access since 1973 115.
Definitions and types
#Abortion is the termination of a pregnancy by removal or expulsion of an embryo or fetus 1. Abortion occurring without intervention is known as spontaneous abortion or "miscarriage", which Wikipedia says occurs in roughly 30–40% of all pregnancies 1. Deliberate actions to end a pregnancy are called induced abortion, and the unmodified word generally refers to this 1.
Definitions differ by context. For surveillance, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines legal induced abortion as an intervention performed within the limits of state and jurisdiction law by a licensed clinician, intended to terminate a suspected or known intrauterine pregnancy, that does not result in a live birth 13. The definition excludes management of intrauterine fetal death, early pregnancy failure or loss, ectopic pregnancy and retained products of conception 13.
Wikipedia lists birth-timing and limiting family size as common reasons for induced abortion. It lists other reasons including maternal health, inability to afford a child, domestic violence, lack of support, feelings of being too young, wishing to complete an education or advance a career, and not being able or willing to raise a child conceived through rape or incest 1.
A US study of why women seek abortions reports that 73% in 2004 and 69% in 1987 cited "I can't afford a baby now", and that 48% in 2004 cited "I don't want to be a single mother or am having relationship problems" 18.
Methods and safety
#Modern methods use medication or surgery 1. According to Wikipedia, the drug mifepristone in combination with prostaglandin appears to be as safe and effective as surgery during the first and second trimesters. Self-managed medication abortion is described as highly effective and safe throughout the first trimester, and the most common surgical technique involves dilating the cervix and using a suction device 1.
WHO describes abortion as a common health intervention that is very safe when carried out using a WHO-recommended method, appropriate to the pregnancy duration, by someone with the necessary skills 2. It identifies unsafe abortion as an important preventable cause of maternal deaths and morbidities that can lead to physical and mental health complications 2.
Wikipedia says that when abortion is done legally in industrialised societies it is one of the safest procedures in medicine 1. It also reports a 2012 study finding that US maternal mortality risk was 14 times lower after induced abortion than after childbirth 1. This comparison rests on a single secondary source.
Wikipedia states that an induced abortion performed legally and safely on a woman who desires it does not increase the risk of long-term mental or physical problems 1. It adds that "post-abortion syndrome" is not recognised by medical or psychological professionals in the United States 1. It also reports that major bodies, including WHO, the National Cancer Institute and the American Cancer Society, have concluded that abortion does not cause breast cancer 1. These statements are population-level summaries from one secondary source.
Global incidence and unsafe abortion
#WHO estimates that around 73 million induced abortions take place worldwide each year, and that 61% of unintended pregnancies and 29% of all pregnancies end in induced abortion 2. Wikipedia gives a similar figure, with about 45% done unsafely, and says abortion rates changed little between 2003 and 2008 after decreasing for at least two decades 1.
Wikipedia states that unsafe abortions cause between 22,000 and 44,000 deaths and 6.9 million hospital admissions each year, and that they account for between 5% and 13% of maternal deaths 1. It also cites other estimates of annual deaths reaching 70,000 1. The figures vary by estimate and rest on a single secondary source here.
WHO states that evidence shows restricting access to abortion does not reduce the number of abortions but affects whether they are safe, and that the proportion of unsafe abortions is significantly higher in countries with highly restrictive laws than in those with less restrictive laws 2. Wikipedia similarly reports that abortion rates are similar in countries that restrict abortion and those that broadly allow it, adding that this is partly because restrictive countries tend to have higher unintended pregnancy rates 1.
Wikipedia also cites a 2011 study that found some US state-level anti-abortion laws correlated with lower abortion rates in those states. It notes that the study did not account for travel to other states 1. The sources therefore do not fully agree on the effect of restrictions on abortion rates.
WHO lists barriers to safe abortion including high costs, stigma, refusal by health workers to provide an abortion on grounds of personal conscience or religious belief, and legal requirements it considers not medically justified. These include criminalisation, mandatory waiting periods, provision of biased information or counselling, and third-party authorisation 2. This list reflects WHO's position. The sources used here do not set out the reasoning of those who support such requirements or conscientious refusal.
History
#Induced abortion is mentioned in Egyptian, Greek and Roman writings, although the frequency of the practice and its success are not known 15. The earliest known reference to an abortifacient is in the Egyptian Ebers Papyrus, dated to about 1500 BCE. The reported preparations were made of dates, onions and acanthus fruit, crushed with honey 15.
One article summarises the work of the Italian historian Enzo Nardi through a 1973 account by Sheila Dickson. According to that account, abortion in the 5th and 4th centuries BCE was practised without legal or religious sanctions and was even commended as a means of population control 15. Treatment of abortion therefore differed between societies and periods.
Scholars disagree about whether the Hippocratic Oath forbade abortion. Wikipedia reports that some scholars claim it did and others disagree 1.
The same article states that the 20th century saw the progressive legalisation of abortion 15. Wikipedia reports that Soviet Russia became the first country to legalise abortion, in 1920 1.
Religious views
#Religious teachings on abortion vary across traditions, denominations and historical periods 15. One article states that the world's principal religions did not view abortion favourably, but that the strength of prohibition was not uniform 15.
The same article describes the Roman Catholic and Orthodox Churches as currently "totally opposed" to abortion, and Protestant denominations as holding differing positions 15. The excerpt does not detail distinctions within these positions, such as those concerning medical treatment or pastoral practice.
Wikipedia reports that in Islam abortion has traditionally been permitted until ensoulment, which theologians place variously at conception, 40 days after conception, 120 days after conception, or quickening 1. The sources do not describe differences among Islamic legal schools and scholars in detail. The sources used here also do not describe the positions of Judaism, Hinduism, Buddhism or other traditions, or disagreement among believers within any tradition.
Law and policy
#Wikipedia reports that countries that permit abortion set different limits on how late in pregnancy it is allowed, and that as of 2018, 37% of the world's women had access to legal abortion without limits as to reason 1. It reports a global trend towards greater legal access since 1973, alongside continuing debate on moral, religious, ethical and legal issues 1.
Amnesty International reports a notable decrease in Argentina's maternal mortality ratio more than three years after abortion was legalised there in December 2020 11. The excerpt gives no figures, and this is the only source here on Argentina. The sources used do not provide substantive coverage of legal developments, public debate or access in Africa, Asia, the Middle East or the rest of Latin America.
In the United States, the Supreme Court decision in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization in June 2022 overturned Roe v. Wade and ended the federal constitutional right to abortion 5. By the end of 2025, 13 states had total abortion bans with limited exceptions and six had six- or twelve-week bans 4.
According to KFF, other states have moved to protect access. It reports that 23 states have passed shield laws intended to reduce legal risks for clinicians who provide abortion care to patients in states where abortion is banned or restricted. It also reports that 12 states require state-regulated private plans to cover abortion and that 20 Medicaid programs use state-only funds to cover nearly all medically necessary abortions 3.
Research on the health effects of US restrictions faces measurement difficulties. A study of 14 US states with bans estimated impacts on maternal, pregnancy-related and pregnancy-associated mortality, and its title describes "substantial measurement challenges" 8. A JAMA Network Open article states that research since the 1990s, using methods from basic ecological designs to econometric approaches, generally finds restrictive abortion policies associated with worse infant health for all or subgroups of infants 9.
Regional data: United States
#CDC began abortion surveillance in 1969, using aggregate data voluntarily reported by states and jurisdictions 13. For 2022, 48 reporting areas voluntarily provided data and reported 613,383 abortions to CDC 12. Among 47 areas reporting every year from 2013 to 2022, the 2022 abortion rate was 11.2 per 1,000 women aged 15–44 and the ratio was 199 per 1,000 live births 12. Over 2013–2022 the reported number fell 5% and the rate fell 10% 12. Women in their 20s accounted for 56.5% of abortions reported in 2022 12.
KFF reports that CDC has not published new abortion surveillance data since the second Trump administration began, leaving 2022 as the most recent year of CDC data 3.
More recent national estimates come from non-governmental sources. Guttmacher Institute estimates 1,126,000 clinician-provided abortions in 2025, largely unchanged from 1,124,000 in 2024 416. It describes this as the highest number since 2009 and well below the 1990 peak of slightly over 1.6 million 4. It reports the 2025 figure as an increase of 21% from 2020 16.
KFF, citing the Society for Family Planning's #WeCount project, reports 1.13 million abortions in 2025, 1.11 million in 2024 and 1.05 million in 2023, and says national volume has slightly increased since Dobbs 3. Guttmacher describes overall stability, while KFF describes a slight increase 34.
KFF says the upward trend is likely due to expanded telehealth capacity, the ability to mail medication abortion pills, lower costs for telehealth abortions, state protections and higher rates of interstate travel. It reports that medication abortion via telehealth accounts for 28% of all abortions 3. KFF also reports that interstate travel nearly doubled from 2020 to 2024 3.
Guttmacher reports that travel across state lines fell from a peak of approximately 170,000 in 2023 to 154,000 in 2024 and 142,000 in 2025 4. It reports that telehealth provision to residents of states with total bans rose to about 91,000 in 2025. The report gives the 2024 comparison figure as 74,000 in one passage and approximately 72,000 in another 4.
A 2017 estimate held that about 1 in 4 women in the United States would have an abortion at some point in their lifetime 14.
Public opinion and debate
#Abortion has been described as the most controversial and contested procedure in medicine, and the cause of harsh disagreement in many societies 15. Wikipedia reports debate over moral, religious, ethical and legal issues 1. WHO describes lack of access to safe, timely, affordable and respectful abortion care as a critical public health and human rights issue 2. Brookings describes pro-choice and pro-life advocates contesting the issue in voting booths, state legislatures and courts in the United States 7.
In the United States, a Pew Research Center fact sheet reports that 60% of adults say abortion should be legal in all or most cases and 38% say it should be illegal in all or most cases 6. PRRI's 2023 American Values Atlas found 64% saying it should be legal in most or all cases and 35% saying it should be illegal in most or all cases, with 9% saying it should be illegal in all cases 10. These categories combine a range of positions, and the excerpts do not break down views by gestational stage or circumstance.
Views divide by party. Pew reports that 73% of conservative Republicans and Republican leaners say abortion should be illegal in all or most cases, while 53% of moderate and liberal Republicans say it should be legal 6. Pew also reports that 93% of liberal Democrats and Democratic leaners and 77% of conservative and moderate Democrats support legal abortion 6.
PRRI reports that 86% of Democrats and 36% of Republicans say abortion should be legal in all or most cases, and that 15% of Republicans believe it should be illegal in all cases 10. It reports Democratic support for legality rising from 71% in 2010 to 86% in 2023, while Republican attitudes remained largely unchanged 10.
Scripture
Passages quoted from the King James Version. The text is fetched, never written by a model.
For thou hast possessed my reins: thou hast covered me in my mother’s womb. I will praise thee; for I am fearfully and wonderfully made: marvellous are thy works; and that my soul knoweth right well. My substance was not hid from thee, when I was made in secret, and curiously wrought in the lowest parts of the earth. Thine eyes did see my substance, yet being unperfect; and in thy book all my members were written, which in continuance were fashioned, when as yet there was none of them.
Then the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, Before I formed thee in the belly I knew thee; and before thou camest forth out of the womb I sanctified thee, and I ordained thee a prophet unto the nations.
If men strive, and hurt a woman with child, so that her fruit depart from her, and yet no mischief follow: he shall be surely punished, according as the woman’s husband will lay upon him; and he shall pay as the judges determine. And if any mischief follow, then thou shalt give life for life, Eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot, Burning for burning, wound for wound, stripe for stripe.
Thou shalt not kill.
Sources
- 1.Abortion — Wikipedia (opens in a new tab)
en.wikipedia.orgWikipedia (CC BY-SA 4.0)
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- 5.Abortion in the United States (opens in a new tab)
guttmacher.org
- 6.Public Opinion on Abortion (opens in a new tab)
pewresearch.org
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- 8.
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- 10.
- 11.Abortion Rights (opens in a new tab)
amnesty.org
- 12.
- 13.
- 14.Abortion - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf (opens in a new tab)
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- 15.
- 16.Abortion in the United States (opens in a new tab)
guttmacher.org
- 17.
- 18.Understanding why women seek abortions in the US - PMC (opens in a new tab)
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Truth Ledger
Every checkable claim in the draft, checked by GPT-6.1 Sol and Grok 4.7. A claim is stated as fact only when both checkers confirm it from the cited sources; a split verdict is published with attribution, and a claim neither can confirm is cut.
Showing 38 claims.
- Verified
Abortion is the termination of a pregnancy by removal or expulsion of an embryo or fetus.
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Source [1] gives this definition verbatim. / Source 1 defines abortion as termination by removal or expulsion of an embryo or fetus.
Cites1
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WHO estimates around 73 million induced abortions take place worldwide each year.
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Sources [2] and [15] explicitly report WHO's estimate of approximately 73 million induced abortions annually worldwide. / WHO fact sheet and source 15 both state about 73 million induced abortions yearly.
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WHO estimates that around 45% of abortions are unsafe.
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Source [2] states that around 45% of abortions are unsafe. / WHO fact sheet says around 45% of abortions are unsafe.
Cites2
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According to WHO, 61% of unintended pregnancies and 29% of all pregnancies end in induced abortion.
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Source [2] explicitly gives 61% of unintended pregnancies and 29% of all pregnancies. / WHO states 61% of unintended and 29% of all pregnancies end in induced abortion.
Cites2
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WHO describes abortion as very safe when performed with a recommended method appropriate to pregnancy duration by someone with the necessary skills.
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Source [2] specifies all three conditions: recommended method, appropriate pregnancy duration, and necessary skills. / WHO says abortion is very safe with a recommended method, appropriate timing, and skilled provider.
Cites2
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WHO states that restricting access to abortion does not reduce the number of abortions but affects whether they are safe.
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Source [2] explicitly states that restrictions do not reduce abortion numbers but affect safety and dignity. / WHO says restricting access does not reduce abortions but affects whether they are safe.
Cites2
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The proportion of unsafe abortions is significantly higher in countries with highly restrictive abortion laws, according to WHO.
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Source [2] explicitly compares highly restrictive laws with less restrictive laws and reports significantly higher unsafe-abortion proportions. / WHO says unsafe abortions are significantly higher where laws are highly restrictive.
Cites2
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Estimates of annual deaths from unsafe abortion vary widely, from 22,000–44,000 to as many as 70,000.
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Source [1] provides annual estimates of 22,000–44,000 deaths and other estimates reaching 70,000. / Source 1 cites 22,000–44,000 deaths and estimates ranging up to 70,000.
Cites1
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A 2011 study found some US state-level anti-abortion laws correlated with lower abortion rates, but did not account for travel to other states.
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Source [1] describes the 2011 correlation and explicitly notes that interstate travel was not considered. / Source 1 describes the 2011 correlation and notes travel was not accounted for.
Cites1
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A 2012 study reported that US maternal mortality risk is 14 times lower after induced abortion than after childbirth.
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Source [1] attributes the 14-fold mortality-risk comparison to a 2012 Obstetrics & Gynecology study. / Source 1 cites a 2012 study finding abortion mortality risk 14 times lower than childbirth.
Cites1
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Post-abortion syndrome is not recognised by medical or psychological professional bodies in the United States.
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Source [1] states that post-abortion syndrome is not recognized by medical or psychological professionals in the United States. / Source 1 says post-abortion syndrome is not recognized by US medical or psychological professionals.
Cites1
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Major medical bodies including WHO, the National Cancer Institute and the American Cancer Society have concluded abortion does not cause breast cancer.
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Source [1] names these organizations among bodies concluding that abortion does not cause breast cancer. / Source 1 lists WHO, NCI, and ACS among bodies concluding abortion does not cause breast cancer.
Cites1
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The earliest known reference to an abortifacient is in the Egyptian Ebers Papyrus, dated to about 1500 BCE.
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Source [15] identifies the Ebers Papyrus, dated about 1500 BCE, as the earliest reference to an abortifacient. / Source 15 identifies the Ebers Papyrus, about 1500 BCE, as the earliest abortifacient reference.
Cites15
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Scholars disagree about whether the Hippocratic Oath forbade abortion.
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Source [1] explicitly describes scholarly disagreement over this interpretation of the Hippocratic Oath. / Source 1 says some scholars claim the Oath forbade abortion while others disagree.
Cites1
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Soviet Russia became the first country to legalise abortion, in 1920.
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Source [1] identifies Soviet Russia as the first country to legalize abortion, in 1920. / Source 1 says Soviet Russia became the first country to legalize abortion in 1920.
Cites1
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The Roman Catholic and Orthodox Churches are currently totally opposed to abortion, while Protestant denominations hold more nuanced positions.
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Source [15] explicitly contrasts current Catholic and Orthodox opposition with more nuanced Protestant positions. / Source 15 says Catholic and Orthodox churches are totally opposed; Protestants are more nuanced.
Cites15
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In Islam, abortion has traditionally been permitted until ensoulment, placed variously at conception, 40 days, 120 days or quickening.
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Source [1] lists conception, 40 days after conception, 120 days after conception, and quickening as differing ensoulment thresholds. / Source 1 places traditional Islamic permission until ensoulment at those varying times.
Cites1
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In 2004, 73% of US abortion patients surveyed said they could not afford a baby at the time.
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Source [18] reports 73% in 2004 for the reason 'I can't afford a baby now.' / Source 18 reports 73% in 2004 cited “I can’t afford a baby now.”
Cites18
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In June 2022, Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization overturned Roe v. Wade and ended the federal constitutional right to abortion.
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Source [5] explicitly states the June 2022 date and both legal consequences of Dobbs. / Source 5 states Dobbs in June 2022 overturned Roe and ended the federal right.
Cites5
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By the end of 2025, 13 US states had total abortion bans and six had six- or twelve-week bans.
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Source [4] gives these year-end 2025 counts; total bans had limited exceptions. / Source 4 says 13 states had total bans and six had six- or twelve-week bans by end of 2025.
Cites4
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According to KFF, 23 US states have passed shield laws for clinicians providing abortion care to patients in states with bans.
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Source [3] reports 23 states with shield laws intended to reduce clinicians' legal risks when serving patients in restrictive states. / KFF says 23 states passed shield laws for clinicians serving patients in banned or restricted states.
Cites3
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CDC began abortion surveillance in 1969 using voluntarily reported aggregate data.
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Source [13] states surveillance began in 1969 and describes voluntary reporting of aggregate data. / CDC says surveillance began in 1969 and data are voluntarily reported in aggregate.
Cites13
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For 2022, 48 reporting areas reported 613,383 abortions to CDC.
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Source [12] reports exactly 613,383 abortions from 48 reporting areas for 2022. / CDC reports 613,383 abortions from 48 reporting areas for 2022.
Cites12
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Among 47 continuously reporting areas, the 2022 US abortion rate was 11.2 per 1,000 women aged 15–44.
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Source [12] gives 11.2 abortions per 1,000 women aged 15–44 among 47 continuously reporting areas. / Among 47 continuous reporters, CDC gives a 2022 rate of 11.2 per 1,000 women aged 15–44.
Cites12
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From 2013 to 2022, the CDC-reported abortion rate fell 10%.
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Source [12] reports a 10% rate decline from 2013 to 2022 among the 47 continuously reporting areas. / CDC says the abortion rate decreased 10% from 2013 to 2022.
Cites12
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CDC has not published new abortion surveillance data since the second Trump administration began, according to KFF.
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Source [3] explicitly states this publication gap and identifies 2022 as the latest data year. / KFF says CDC has published no new abortion surveillance since the second Trump administration began.
Cites3
- Verified
Guttmacher estimates 1,126,000 clinician-provided abortions in the US in 2025, largely unchanged from 1,124,000 in 2024.
- Grok 4.7:Supported
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Sources [4] and [16] give both figures and describe the 2025 total as largely unchanged. / Guttmacher estimates 1,126,000 clinician-provided abortions in 2025 versus 1,124,000 in 2024.
- Verified
The 2025 Guttmacher estimate is the highest since 2009 but below the 1990 peak of slightly over 1.6 million.
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Source [4] explicitly states both the highest-since-2009 comparison and the slightly-over-1.6-million peak in 1990. / Guttmacher calls 2025 the highest since 2009, still below the 1990 peak above 1.6 million.
Cites4
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KFF, citing #WeCount, reports 1.13 million US abortions in 2025, 1.11 million in 2024 and 1.05 million in 2023.
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Source [3] attributes these exact annual totals to the Society for Family Planning's #WeCount project. / KFF cites #WeCount figures of 1.13 million, 1.11 million, and 1.05 million for 2025–2023.
Cites3
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Medication abortion via telehealth accounts for 28% of all US abortions, according to KFF.
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Source [3] states that medication abortion via telehealth accounts for 28% of all abortions. / KFF says medication abortion via telehealth now accounts for 28% of abortions.
Cites3
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Interstate travel for abortion fell from about 170,000 in 2023 to 142,000 in 2025, according to Guttmacher.
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Source [4] reports approximately 170,000 interstate travelers in 2023 and 142,000 in 2025. / Guttmacher reports travel fell from about 170,000 in 2023 to 142,000 in 2025.
Cites4
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Telehealth abortion provision to residents of total-ban states rose to about 91,000 in 2025.
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Source [4] reports increased telehealth provision in total-ban states, reaching approximately 91,000 abortions in 2025. / Guttmacher estimates telehealth provision to total-ban-state residents reached about 91,000 in 2025.
Cites4
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Research generally finds restrictive abortion policies associated with worse infant health for all or subgroups of infants.
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Source [9] explicitly summarizes research as generally finding this association for all infants or subgroups. / Source 9 says research generally links restrictive policies with worse infant health for all or subgroups.
Cites9
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Amnesty International reports a notable decrease in Argentina's maternal mortality ratio following legalisation in December 2020.
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Source [11] reports a notable maternal mortality ratio decrease more than three years after Argentina's December 2020 legalization. / Amnesty reports a notable maternal-mortality-ratio decrease after Argentina’s December 2020 legalization.
Cites11
- Verified
Pew reports that 60% of US adults say abortion should be legal in all or most cases and 38% illegal in all or most cases.
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Source [6] gives these exact percentages and categories. / Pew reports 60% favor legality in all or most cases and 38% favor illegality in all or most.
Cites6
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PRRI's 2023 survey found 64% of Americans favour legal abortion in most or all cases and 9% say it should be illegal in all cases.
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Source [10], identified as PRRI's 2023 survey, reports both 64% support and 9% opposition in all cases. / PRRI 2023 found 64% favor legality in most or all cases and 9% favor a total ban.
Cites10
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Democratic support for abortion legality rose from 71% in 2010 to 86% in 2023, while Republican views remained largely unchanged, according to PRRI.
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Source [10] explicitly gives the Democratic increase and describes Republican attitudes as largely unchanged since 2010. / PRRI says Democratic support rose from 71% to 86%, while Republican views were largely unchanged.
Cites10
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In 2017 it was estimated that about 1 in 4 US women would have an abortion in their lifetime.
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Source [14] explicitly states that the 2017 estimate was one in four US women over their lifetime. / Source 14 says a 2017 estimate was that 1 in 4 US women would have an abortion.
Cites14
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 licence. Written by Claude Opus 5.5 from the sources listed and checked claim by claim by GPT-6.1 Sol and Grok 4.7.