Encyclopedia article
Constitution of the United States
Supreme law of the United States, drafted in 1787 and in force since 1789, establishing a three-branch federal government.
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Truth Ledger
43 claims checked
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- Disputed
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Checked by GPT-6.1 Sol and Grok 4.7, each without seeing the other’s answers.
Neutrality: 3 of 3 framing flags fixed.
A claim is stated as fact only when both checkers confirm it from the cited sources; a split verdict is published with attribution, and a claim neither can confirm is cut.
See every claimThe Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the United States, establishing a federal government of three branches and setting out the relationship between that government and the states 116. It was drafted at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787, signed on September 17, 1787, and superseded the Articles of Confederation on March 4, 1789 111. It consists of a Preamble, seven articles and 27 amendments, the first ten of which are known as the Bill of Rights 1516. It is described as the world's oldest written national constitution still in force 11015.
Background
#The Articles of Confederation were the first constitution of the United States 1. Under them, the states acted together only for specific purposes 13. Amendments to the Articles required the approval of all 13 states 1.
The Federal Convention convened in Philadelphia on May 14, 1787, to revise the Articles of Confederation 11.
Drafting at the Constitutional Convention
#The convention was scheduled to open on May 14, 1787, but only two state delegations were present, and a quorum of seven states was not reached until May 25 111. Of 74 appointed delegates, 55 attended, and Rhode Island refused to participate 1. The sessions were closed, and by mid-June it had become clear that the delegates would draft a new frame of government rather than amend the Articles 11.
Among the chief points at issue were how much power to give the central government, how many representatives each state would have in Congress, and how those representatives would be elected 11. Delegates rejected the New Jersey Plan on June 19, 1787 1. The Great Compromise, also called the Connecticut Compromise, was adopted on July 16 and provided for equal state representation in the Senate and population-based representation in the House 18. The Census Bureau identifies Connecticut delegates Roger Sherman and Oliver Ellsworth as principal architects of the proposal 18.
A Committee of Detail prepared a draft constitution for delegates to review in early August 18. Gouverneur Morris was the primary author of the final draft presented on September 12 1. Thirty-nine of the 55 delegates signed the document on September 17, 1787 18.
Sources differ on the physical document: the National Archives describes it as four pages, while Wikipedia says it was handwritten on five pages of parchment 111.
Slavery in the original document
#Slavery was a major source of sectional disagreement at the convention. According to Wikipedia, several Northern states were gradually abolishing it, while Southern agricultural economies depended on enslaved labor 1. The sources used here do not address differences within each region or the persistence of slavery-related commerce in the North.
The delegates agreed to protect the slave trade for 20 years, counted three-fifths of enslaved people for purposes of representation, and required the return of people who escaped slavery 1.
According to Wikipedia, Congress prohibited the importation of slaves on January 1, 1808 1. This date could not be independently confirmed from the available sources, and it may refer to when the prohibition took effect rather than when Congress enacted it.
The Reconstruction Amendments (13th–15th), ratified after the Civil War, abolished slavery, prohibited states from denying due process or equal protection of the law to any person, and protected certain voting rights 16.
Ratification
#Article VII provided that the Constitution would be accepted once nine of the 13 states ratified it 118. Delaware ratified first, on December 7, 1787, and New Hampshire cast the ninth vote on June 21, 1788 18. All 13 states had ratified by May 29, 1790 18.
Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay published The Federalist Papers in support of ratification 1. According to Wikipedia, Federalists promised amendments securing individual liberties when ratification appeared threatened 1. The first ten amendments, the Bill of Rights, were added in 1791 1.
Sources date the Constitution's taking effect differently. The Census Bureau states that it became the official framework of government on June 21, 1788, while Wikipedia dates its superseding of the Articles to March 4, 1789 118. The Senate describes it as ratified in 1788 and in operation since 1789 15. The sources used here do not set out the objections of the Constitution's opponents in detail.
Structure
#The Constitution consists of a Preamble, seven articles and 27 amendments, and with its amendments contains a little more than 7,500 words 16. The Preamble begins "We the People of the United States" and lists purposes including to "establish Justice" and "secure the Blessings of Liberty" 1214.
The first three articles establish the legislative, executive and judicial branches, each granted powers but given some ability to check the powers of the other two 16. Article I creates a Congress consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives 15.
Article IV generally addresses the relationship between the federal and state governments 16. The remaining articles establish how the Constitution can be amended, the supremacy of the Constitution and federal law over state law, and the process for ratifying the Constitution 16. Article VI also bars religious tests for federal office 1.
Amendments
#Under Article V, an amendment may be proposed by two-thirds of both houses of Congress or by a convention called on the application of two-thirds of the states. It takes effect when ratified by three-fourths of the states 116. The convention method of proposing amendments has never been used 1. Amendments are appended to the document rather than altering the original text 1.
The Constitution has been amended 27 times, most recently in 1992 15. The Bill of Rights protects individual rights such as freedom of speech and the right against unreasonable searches and seizures 16. History.com reports that since 1791 Congress has passed 23 further amendments, of which the states have ratified 17 8. Wikipedia reports that six amendments approved by Congress have not been ratified by enough states 1.
The remaining amendments cover subjects including the selection of a President, the income tax, the manufacture, sale and transportation of intoxicating liquors, voting rights, and the compensation of Members of Congress 16. The Twenty-seventh Amendment remained pending for more than two centuries because it had no ratification time limit 1.
The Constitution Annotated states that the difficulty of amendment was a deliberate choice by the framers to preserve certain fundamental rights from majoritarian pressure, citing a 2013 interview with Justice Antonin Scalia noting that amendment is difficult 16. History.com notes that many changes in the American political and legal system have come through judicial interpretation rather than amendment 8.
Influences
#According to Wikipedia, the Constitution was influenced by English common law and by the Enlightenment liberalism of philosophers such as John Locke and Montesquieu 1. The Census Bureau states that the Constitution continues to inspire democracies around the world, and Wikipedia states that it has influenced the constitutions of other nations 118.
Whether the Iroquois Confederacy influenced the Constitution is disputed. Scholars Donald Grinde and Bruce Johansen claim such influence, while historians including Philip Levy and anthropologist Elisabeth Tooker dispute it 1.
Judicial review and interpretation
#No part of the Constitution expressly authorizes judicial review 1. At the convention, a proposal by Madison for a judicial veto over national legislation was defeated three times 1. In Marbury v. Madison, Chief Justice John Marshall wrote that the Constitution is a superior, paramount law that is unchangeable by ordinary means 16.
The Constitution Annotated, maintained by the Library of Congress, documents the Supreme Court's interpretation of the Constitution and includes discussion of the Court's latest opinions 316. The National Constitution Center pairs two scholars for each clause, selected with guidance from the American Constitution Society and the Federalist Society, to explore areas of agreement and disagreement about the text, its history, how it has been interpreted and what it means today 2.
In Trump v. Barbara, the Supreme Court struck down an executive order that treated children born in the United States to parents present unlawfully or temporarily as not "subject to the jurisdiction thereof" under the Fourteenth Amendment's Citizenship Clause 6. The decision is considered a 6–3 ruling, with Justices Clarence Thomas, Samuel Alito and Neil Gorsuch dissenting 6. The National Constitution Center argues that the constitutional holding was effectively 5–4, because Justice Brett Kavanaugh would have invalidated the order on statutory grounds rather than under the Citizenship Clause 6.
An opinion quoted by the Center states that the Constitution's original principles do not change absent a constitutional amendment, but that the rules and exceptions must be applied faithfully to modern situations unknown or unanticipated by the framers 6. Peterson, by contrast, criticizes courts, lawyers and politicians who treat the Constitution as nothing but words in a written text and use that text to prevent a modern nation from pursuing the ends its people desire 4.
Reform debate
#The Senate attributes the Constitution's endurance to the framers' separation and balancing of governmental powers and describes it as having evolved to meet the changing needs of a modern society 15. The National Archives calls it a model of cooperative statesmanship and the art of compromise 11. An MS NOW commentary credits the drafters with creating enduring and influential institutions, naming federalism, the Bill of Rights and the presidency 10.
Critics argue that the document needs revision. Peterson, author of "The Making and Breaking of the American Constitution" (Princeton University Press), argues that the text does not reflect the societal changes of the past 250 years or the greatly expanded role of the federal government. He also argues that the amendment process has not been workable for a very long time and that the United States needs a major constitutional reworking 4.
An MS NOW opinion commentary criticized the Electoral College, which it says has four times delivered the presidency to someone who lost the popular vote. It also criticized life tenure for Supreme Court justices and the state legislatures' control over the "time, places and manner" of congressional elections, which it links to gerrymandering 10. It proposed measures including a national electoral commission to draw district boundaries, a rule ensuring the presidency goes to the candidate with the most votes, and a term limit for justices 10. It also noted that new constitutions typically include a "fourth branch" of accountability institutions and cited a Supreme Court ruling that the president can fire members of independent federal agencies 10.
Some reformers have turned to the unused Article V convention route. Harvard Law professor Lawrence Lessig is to convene more than 30 scholars, legislators and advocates, supporters and skeptics from across the political spectrum, to examine such a convention, including the threat of a "runaway convention" 5. Lessig acknowledges the risks but says, "I think the alternative of not doing anything is worse" 5. He says the conference is meant to include liberals and conservatives, so that people recognize their position is not a partisan one 5.
The MS NOW commentary states that by some accounts the number of state calls for a convention is close to the required threshold, while judging the present moment probably not the right time for such a venture 10. Laurence H. Tribe's essay in The New York Review of Books, "Is the Constitution 'Dead, Dead, Dead'?", refers to the 2022 Dobbs v. Jackson decision, which overruled Roe v. Wade and Planned Parenthood v. Casey 7.
Scripture
Passages quoted from the King James Version. The text is fetched, never written by a model.
Let every soul be subject unto the higher powers. For there is no power but of God: the powers that be are ordained of God. Whosoever therefore resisteth the power, resisteth the ordinance of God: and they that resist shall receive to themselves damnation. For rulers are not a terror to good works, but to the evil. Wilt thou then not be afraid of the power? do that which is good, and thou shalt have praise of the same: For he is the minister of God to thee for good. But if thou do that which is evil, be afraid; for he beareth not the sword in vain: for he is the minister of God, a revenger to execute wrath upon him that doeth evil. Wherefore ye must needs be subject, not only for wrath, but also for conscience sake. For for this cause pay ye tribute also: for they are God’s ministers, attending continually upon this very thing. Render therefore to all their dues: tribute to whom tribute is due; custom to whom custom; fear to whom fear; honour to whom honour.
Hearken now unto my voice, I will give thee counsel, and God shall be with thee: Be thou for the people to God-ward, that thou mayest bring the causes unto God: And thou shalt teach them ordinances and laws, and shalt shew them the way wherein they must walk, and the work that they must do. Moreover thou shalt provide out of all the people able men, such as fear God, men of truth, hating covetousness; and place such over them, to be rulers of thousands, and rulers of hundreds, rulers of fifties, and rulers of tens: And let them judge the people at all seasons: and it shall be, that every great matter they shall bring unto thee, but every small matter they shall judge: so shall it be easier for thyself, and they shall bear the burden with thee. If thou shalt do this thing, and God command thee so, then thou shalt be able to endure, and all this people shall also go to their place in peace. So Moses hearkened to the voice of his father in law, and did all that he had said. And Moses chose able men out of all Israel, and made them heads over the people, rulers of thousands, rulers of hundreds, rulers of fifties, and rulers of tens. And they judged the people at all seasons: the hard causes they brought unto Moses, but every small matter they judged themselves.
When the righteous are in authority, the people rejoice: but when the wicked beareth rule, the people mourn.
When thou art come unto the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee, and shalt possess it, and shalt dwell therein, and shalt say, I will set a king over me, like as all the nations that are about me; Thou shalt in any wise set him king over thee, whom the LORD thy God shall choose: one from among thy brethren shalt thou set king over thee: thou mayest not set a stranger over thee, which is not thy brother. But he shall not multiply horses to himself, nor cause the people to return to Egypt, to the end that he should multiply horses: forasmuch as the LORD hath said unto you, Ye shall henceforth return no more that way. Neither shall he multiply wives to himself, that his heart turn not away: neither shall he greatly multiply to himself silver and gold. And it shall be, when he sitteth upon the throne of his kingdom, that he shall write him a copy of this law in a book out of that which is before the priests the Levites: And it shall be with him, and he shall read therein all the days of his life: that he may learn to fear the LORD his God, to keep all the words of this law and these statutes, to do them: That his heart be not lifted up above his brethren, and that he turn not aside from the commandment, to the right hand, or to the left: to the end that he may prolong his days in his kingdom, he, and his children, in the midst of Israel.
Sources
- 1.Constitution of the United States — Wikipedia (opens in a new tab)
en.wikipedia.orgWikipedia (CC BY-SA 4.0)
- 2.The U.S. Constitution (opens in a new tab)
constitutioncenter.org
- 3.Constitution Annotated | Congress.gov | Library of Congress (opens in a new tab)
constitution.congress.gov
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- 12.U.S. Constitution | Constitution Annotated | Congress.gov | Library of Congress (opens in a new tab)
constitution.congress.gov
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Truth Ledger
Every checkable claim in the draft, checked by GPT-6.1 Sol and Grok 4.7. A claim is stated as fact only when both checkers confirm it from the cited sources; a split verdict is published with attribution, and a claim neither can confirm is cut.
Showing 43 claims.
- Verified
The Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the United States.
- Grok 4.7:Supported
- GPT-6.1 Sol:Supported
Source 1 explicitly identifies the Constitution as the supreme law of the United States. / Source 1 calls the Constitution the supreme law of the United States.
Cites1
- Verified
The Constitution superseded the Articles of Confederation on March 4, 1789.
- Grok 4.7:Supported
- GPT-6.1 Sol:Supported
Source 1 explicitly gives March 4, 1789, as the date it superseded the Articles of Confederation. / Source 1 says it superseded the Articles on March 4, 1789.
Cites1
- Verified
The convention was scheduled to open May 14, 1787, but did not reach a quorum of seven states until May 25.
- Grok 4.7:Supported
- GPT-6.1 Sol:Supported
Both sources distinguish the scheduled May 14 opening from the seven-state quorum reached May 25. / Both sources say it convened May 14 and gained a seven-state quorum May 25.
- Verified
Of 74 delegates appointed, 55 attended the convention, and Rhode Island did not participate.
- Grok 4.7:Supported
- GPT-6.1 Sol:Supported
Source 1 states that 74 delegates were appointed, 55 attended, and Rhode Island refused to participate. / Source 1 says 55 of 74 appointed delegates attended and Rhode Island refused to participate.
Cites1
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By mid-June 1787 it was clear the convention would draft a new frame of government rather than amend the Articles.
- Grok 4.7:Supported
- GPT-6.1 Sol:Supported
Source 11 explicitly says this decision was clear by mid-June. / Source 11 says by mid-June the convention would draft an entirely new frame.
Cites11
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Delegates rejected the New Jersey Plan on June 19, 1787.
- Grok 4.7:Supported
- GPT-6.1 Sol:Supported
Source 1 dates the rejection of the New Jersey Plan to June 19, 1787. / Source 1 says delegates rejected the New Jersey Plan on June 19, 1787.
Cites1
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The Great Compromise, adopted July 16, 1787, provided equal state representation in the Senate and population-based representation in the House.
- Grok 4.7:Supported
- GPT-6.1 Sol:Supported
Source 18 confirms the July 16 adoption and both representation arrangements. / Source 18 says the July 16 Great Compromise gave equal Senate and population-based House representation.
Cites18
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The Census Bureau identifies Roger Sherman and Oliver Ellsworth as principal architects of the Great Compromise.
- Grok 4.7:Supported
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Source 18 explicitly names Sherman and Ellsworth as principal architects. / The Census Bureau source names Sherman and Ellsworth as principal architects.
Cites18
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Gouverneur Morris was the primary author of the final draft presented on September 12, 1787.
- Grok 4.7:Supported
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Source 1 identifies Morris as primary author of the final draft presented September 12. / Source 1 says Morris was primary author of the September 12 final draft.
Cites1
- Verified
Thirty-nine of the convention's 55 delegates signed the Constitution.
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- GPT-6.1 Sol:Supported
Source 18 explicitly states that 39 of the 55 delegates signed. / Source 18 says 39 of the convention’s 55 delegates signed.
Cites18
- Verified
The National Archives describes the Constitution as a four-page document, while Wikipedia says it was handwritten on five pages of parchment.
- Grok 4.7:Supported
- GPT-6.1 Sol:Supported
The claim accurately reports the differing page counts in Sources 11 and 1. / Source 11 says four pages; source 1 says five parchment pages.
- Verified
The original Constitution protected the slave trade for 20 years, counted three-fifths of enslaved people for representation, and required the return of escaped slaves.
- Grok 4.7:Supported
- GPT-6.1 Sol:Supported
Source 1 describes all three protections, including the 20-year protection of the slave trade. / Source 1 describes the 20-year slave-trade protection, three-fifths count, and fugitive-slave return.
Cites1
- Disputed
Congress prohibited the importation of slaves on January 1, 1808.
Published with attribution: the checkers split.
- Grok 4.7:Supported
- GPT-6.1 Sol:Contradicted
Congress enacted the importation ban on March 2, 1807; it took effect January 1, 1808. Source 1 incorrectly conflates enactment and effectiveness. / Source 1 says Congress approved the importation ban on January 1, 1808.
Cites1
- Verified
Delaware was the first state to ratify, on December 7, 1787.
- Grok 4.7:Supported
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Source 18 identifies Delaware as first and gives December 7, 1787. / Source 18 says Delaware ratified first on December 7, 1787.
Cites18
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All 13 original states had ratified the Constitution by May 29, 1790.
- Grok 4.7:Supported
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Source 18 explicitly states that all thirteen states had ratified by May 29, 1790. / Source 18 says all 13 states had ratified by May 29, 1790.
Cites18
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The Census Bureau states the Constitution became the official framework of government on June 21, 1788.
- Grok 4.7:Supported
- GPT-6.1 Sol:Supported
The claim accurately attributes the June 21, 1788, characterization to the Census Bureau. / The Census Bureau source dates the official framework to June 21, 1788.
Cites18
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Hamilton, Madison and Jay published The Federalist Papers in support of ratification.
- Grok 4.7:Supported
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Source 1 names Hamilton, Madison, and Jay and states that their papers supported ratification. / Source 1 says Hamilton, Madison, and Jay published the Federalist Papers for ratification.
Cites1
- Verified
Federalists promised amendments securing individual liberties to win ratification.
- Grok 4.7:Supported
- GPT-6.1 Sol:Supported
Source 1 says Federalists promised amendments securing individual liberties when ratification appeared threatened. / Source 1 says Federalists promised liberty-protecting amendments if the Constitution was adopted.
Cites1
- Verified
The Constitution, with its amendments, contains a little more than 7,500 words.
- Grok 4.7:Supported
- GPT-6.1 Sol:Supported
Source 16 explicitly gives a total of a little more than 7,500 words, including amendments. / Source 16 says the Constitution and amendments contain a little more than 7,500 words.
Cites16
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The first three articles establish legislative, executive and judicial branches with powers to check one another.
- Grok 4.7:Supported
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Source 16 describes the three branches and their abilities to check one another. / Source 16 says the first three articles create branches able to check one another.
Cites16
- Verified
Article VI establishes the supremacy of the Constitution and federal law over state law and bars religious tests for federal office.
- Grok 4.7:Supported
- GPT-6.1 Sol:Supported
Source 1 confirms supremacy for constitutionally valid federal laws and the prohibition on religious tests for federal office. / Source 1 states federal supremacy and bars religious tests for federal office.
- Verified
Amendments may be proposed by two-thirds of both houses of Congress or by a convention called on application of two-thirds of the states, and must be ratified by three-fourths of the states.
- Grok 4.7:Supported
- GPT-6.1 Sol:Supported
Source 1 confirms both proposal routes and the three-fourths ratification threshold; convention applications come from state legislatures. / Source 1 states both proposal routes and three-fourths state ratification.
- Verified
The convention method of proposing amendments has never been used.
- Grok 4.7:Supported
- GPT-6.1 Sol:Supported
Source 1 explicitly states that the convention method of proposal has never been tried. / Source 1 says the convention method of proposal has never been tried.
Cites1
- Verified
The Constitution has been amended 27 times, most recently in 1992.
- Grok 4.7:Supported
- GPT-6.1 Sol:Supported
Source 15 explicitly gives 27 amendments and 1992 as the most recent amendment year. / Source 15 says it has been amended 27 times, most recently in 1992.
Cites15
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The Bill of Rights was added in 1791.
- Grok 4.7:Supported
- GPT-6.1 Sol:Supported
Source 1 states that the ten Bill of Rights amendments were added in 1791. / Source 1 says the Bill of Rights was added in 1791.
Cites1
- Verified
History.com reports that since 1791 Congress has passed 23 additional amendments and the states have ratified 17.
- Grok 4.7:Supported
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Source 8 explicitly reports these figures; the claim accurately attributes them to History.com. / History.com says Congress passed 23 later amendments and states ratified 17.
Cites8
- Verified
Six amendments approved by Congress have not been ratified by the required number of states.
- Grok 4.7:Supported
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Source 1 explicitly identifies six congressionally approved amendments lacking sufficient state ratifications. / Source 1 says six congressionally approved amendments remain unratified by enough states.
Cites1
- Verified
The Twenty-seventh Amendment remained pending for over two centuries because it had no ratification time limit.
- Grok 4.7:Supported
- GPT-6.1 Sol:Supported
Source 1 connects its more-than-two-century pendency to the absence of a ratification deadline. / Source 1 says it stayed pending over two centuries because it had no time limit.
Cites1
- Verified
Scholars Grinde and Johansen claim the Iroquois Confederacy influenced the Constitution, while historians including Philip Levy and anthropologist Elisabeth Tooker dispute this.
- Grok 4.7:Supported
- GPT-6.1 Sol:Supported
Source 1 names these proponents and critics and describes their opposing positions. / Source 1 attributes the influence claim to Grinde and Johansen and criticism to Levy and Tooker.
Cites1
- Verified
No part of the Constitution expressly authorizes judicial review.
- Grok 4.7:Supported
- GPT-6.1 Sol:Supported
Source 1 explicitly states that judicial review is not expressly authorized anywhere in the Constitution. / Source 1 says no constitutional provision expressly authorizes judicial review.
Cites1
- Verified
Madison's proposal for a judicial veto over national legislation was defeated three times at the convention.
- Grok 4.7:Supported
- GPT-6.1 Sol:Supported
Source 1 explicitly states that Madison’s judicial-veto proposal was defeated three times. / Source 1 says Madison’s judicial-veto proposal was defeated three times.
Cites1
- Verified
The Constitution is described as the world's oldest written national constitution in force.
- Grok 4.7:Supported
- GPT-6.1 Sol:Supported
The cited sources describe the Constitution as the oldest surviving written national constitution in force. / Source 1 describes it as the oldest written national constitution still in force.
- Verified
In Trump v. Barbara the Supreme Court struck down an executive order denying birthright citizenship to children of parents present unlawfully or temporarily.
- Grok 4.7:Supported
- GPT-6.1 Sol:Supported
Source 6 explicitly reports this ruling and describes the executive order’s targeted categories. / Source 6 says Trump v. Barbara struck down that birthright-citizenship executive order.
Cites6
- Verified
The National Constitution Center argues the constitutional holding in Trump v. Barbara was effectively 5–4 because Justice Kavanaugh relied on statutory grounds.
- Grok 4.7:Supported
- GPT-6.1 Sol:Supported
Source 6 distinguishes the 6–3 judgment from the effective 5–4 constitutional split because Kavanaugh relied on statutory grounds. / Source 6 calls the constitutional result actually 5–4 because Kavanaugh relied on statute.
Cites6
- Verified
The National Constitution Center selects scholars for each clause with guidance from the American Constitution Society and the Federalist Society.
- Grok 4.7:Supported
- GPT-6.1 Sol:Supported
Source 2 states that two scholars per clause were selected with guidance from both organizations. / Source 2 says scholars were selected with guidance from both organizations.
Cites2
- Verified
Peterson argues the Article V amendment process has long been unworkable and that a major constitutional reworking is needed.
- Grok 4.7:Supported
- GPT-6.1 Sol:Supported
Source 4 directly quotes Peterson advocating major constitutional reworking and describing the amendment process as long unworkable. / Source 4 quotes Peterson calling Article V long unworkable and urging major reworking.
Cites4
- Verified
An MS NOW commentary says the Electoral College has four times given the presidency to someone who lost the popular vote.
- Grok 4.7:Supported
- GPT-6.1 Sol:Supported
Source 10 makes this four-times claim. The statement accurately reports the commentary rather than independently asserting its count. / The MS NOW commentary says the Electoral College did so four times.
Cites10
- Removed
Removed claim: Lawrence Lessig convened a conference on an Article V convention and says the alternative of doing nothing is worse than its risks.
Not published: neither checker could confirm it.
- Grok 4.7:Contradicted
- GPT-6.1 Sol:Not supported
Source 5 says Lessig will convene the conference, not that he already convened it. His assessment of inaction is supported. / Source 5 says Lessig will convene the conference, not that he already convened it.
Cites5
- Verified
Dobbs v. Jackson (2022) overruled Roe v. Wade and Planned Parenthood v. Casey.
- Grok 4.7:Supported
- GPT-6.1 Sol:Supported
Source 7 and established legal history confirm that Dobbs overruled Roe and Casey in 2022. / Source 7 says the 2022 Dobbs opinion overruled Roe and Casey.
Cites7
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 licence. Written by Claude Opus 5.5 from the sources listed and checked claim by claim by GPT-6.1 Sol and Grok 4.7.